Contemporary Catholic liturgical music encompasses a comprehensive variety of styles of music for Catholic liturgy that grew both before and after the reforms of the Second Vatican Council (Vatican II). The dominant style in English-speaking Canada and the United States began as Gregorian chant and folk hymns, superseded after the 1970s by a folk-based musical genre, generally acoustic and often slow in tempo, but that has evolved into a broad contemporary range of styles reflective of certain aspects of age, culture, and language. There is a marked difference between this style and those that were both common and valued in Catholic churches before Vatican II.
History
In the early 1950s the Jesuit priest Joseph Gelineau was active in liturgical development in several movements leading toward Vatican II. In particular the new Gelineau psalmody in French (1953) and English (1963) demonstrated the feasibility and welcome use of such vernacular language settings.
Contemporary Catholic liturgical music grew after the reforms that followed the Second Vatican Council, which called for wider use of the vernacular language in the Roman Catholic Mass. The General Instruction of the Roman Missal states:
- Great importance should ... be attached to the use of singing in the celebration of the Mass, with due consideration for the culture of the people and abilities of each liturgical assembly.
- Although it is not always necessary (e.g. in weekday Masses) to sing all the texts that are of themselves meant to be sung, every care should be taken that singing by the ministers and the people is not absent in celebrations that occur on Sundays and on holy days of obligation.
It adds:
- All other things being equal, Gregorian chant holds pride of place because it is proper to the Roman Liturgy. Other types of sacred music, in particular polyphony, are in no way excluded, provided that they correspond to the spirit of the liturgical action and that they foster the participation of all the faithful.
- Since the faithful from different countries come together ever more frequently, it is fitting that they know how to sing together at least some parts of the Ordinary of the Mass in Latin, especially the Creed and the Lord's Prayer, set to the simpler melodies.
The first English language Mass was of Gregorian chant style. It was created by De Paul University graduate Dennis Fitzpatrick and entitled simply "Demonstration English Mass". Fitzpatrick composed and recorded this mass on vinyl in mid-1963. He distributed it to many of the US bishops who were returning from a break in the Second Vatican Council. The Mass was well received by many US Catholic cleric and is said to have furthered their acceptance of Sacrosanctum Concilium (SC). This Vatican document on the sacred liturgy restructured the Mass and permitted the use of vernacular. Fitzpatrick's Mass had allow the bishops to imagine what an English Catholic liturgy might sound like.
The revision of music in the liturgy took place in March of 1967, with the passage of Musicam Sacram ("Instruction on music in the liturgy"). In paragraph 46 of this document it states that music could be played during the sacred liturgy on "instruments characteristic of a particular people." Previously the pipe organ was used for accompaniment. The use of instruments native to the culture was an important step in the multiplication of songs written to accompany the Catholic liturgy.
In addition to his role in creating this first English language Mass, Dennis had a large stake in F.E.L. (Friends of the English Liturgy). Many of the contemporary artists who authored the folk music that was used in American Catholic Liturgy choose F.E.L. to be their publisher, as did Ray Repp, who pioneered contemporary Catholic liturgical music and authored the "First Mass for Young Americans," a suite of folk-style musical pieces designed for the Catholic liturgy. Repp gave an impetus to the development of "guitar masses."
The reforms sparked a wide movement in the English-speaking Roman Catholic church where an entire body of older Protestant hymnody and newly-composed contemporary Catholic liturgical music was introduced through new hymnals such as World Library Publication's People's Mass Book, the Living Parish, We Celebrate, NALR's three volumes of Glory and Praise, and Mayhew-McCrimmon's 20th Century Folk Hymnal volumes.
A great deal of the early composed Contemporary Catholic liturgical Music of the 70s was inspired by popular music of the day, which used guitars and other instruments commonly associated with "folk" music, and included songwriters such as Ray Repp, Joe Wise, and later members of American groups such as the St. Louis Jesuits and the Dameans. Of this group, the St. Louis Jesuits music spread widely and many of their compositions continue to be popular today.
In the United Kingdom, the Catholic Charismatic Movement also contributed to these changes, introducing the "praise and worship" approach to liturgical music which was incorporated into publications by Mayhew-McCrimmond.
By the 1990s and into the early 21st century, this style of music drew less on its folk roots than on a number of different styles and influences from contemporary society. In many areas of the United States and in regions throughout the English-speaking world, most or all of the music played during Sunday Mass was taken from this late-20th-century body of work. As a result, traditional forms of Catholic music (such as Gregorian chant) had become rare in many churches, and unknown in some. By the year 2000 most Catholic songbooks preferred contemporary Catholic liturgical music, some hymnody, and a very small collection of chant (which had once been the sine qua non of Catholic Church Music).
Besides its spread within the Catholic community, a number of pieces from the late 20th century Catholic corpus became commonplace among American mainline Protestants. This is true of Lutherans â€" particularly the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America â€" where both the more hymn-like assembly songs as well as portions of Mass and psalm settings can be found among recent hymnals such as Evangelical Lutheran Worship and With One Voice. Marty Haugen, a Lutheran and one of the commonly known composers, creates both Roman Catholic and Lutheran versions of his Mass settings, as well as writing pieces for specifically Lutheran rites.
Although musical Mass settings are not as widely used in most mainline Protestant denominations, a number of the more well-known songs have been added to the traditional hymn repertoire of these churches, and appear in many late-20th-century denominational hymnals. These include compositions such as Bernadette Farrell's "Christ be our Light", Dan Schutte's "Here I Am, Lord", John Foley's "One Bread, One Body", David Haas's "Blest Are They", and several of Haugen's pieces including "All Are Welcome", "Gather Us In", "Awake, Awake, and Greet the New Morn", and "Healer of Our Every Ill".
Musical style
The musical style of 21st century Catholic music varies greatly. Much of it is composed so that choir and assembly can be accompanied by organ, piano, or guitar. More recently, due to style preferences and cost, trends show fewer and fewer parishes use the traditional pipe organ, therefore this music has generally been written for chorus with piano, guitar, and/or percussion accompaniment. It should be noted that some classics including "One Bread, One Body" (Foley) were arranged, often by others than the composers, for pipe organ. Although initially the late 20th century genre was "folk-sounding", it has matured over the last 30 years to a much more eclectic sound of its own.
Contemporary Catholic liturgical music makes heavy use of "responsorial" settings in which the congregation sings only a short refrain (like "Glory to God in the highest") between verses entrusted to the cantor or choir. This differs from the "responsive" antiphony of Gregorian chant, in which alternate verses are divided between two bodies. Responsorial form is eminently practical in performing the psalmody of the Easter Vigil which occurs in darkness, as well as in the absence of pew hymnals or video projectors. It has the disadvantage of excluding the congregation from full participation, and some contemporary composers have preferred to through-compose their Mass settings: A much-anthologized "Gloria" is that from Carroll T. Andrews' A New Mass for Congregations.
The vernacular Mass texts have also drawn composers who stand outside the dominant folkâ€"popular music tradition, such as Giancarlo Menotti and Richard Proulx.
Popular composers
American composers of this music, with some of their most well known compositions, include:
- Alexander Peloquin, b. 1918. He composed the first Mass setting sung in English, and had over 150 published Masses and other pieces.
- Miguel del Aguila, b. 1957. Several Mass settings, Ave Maria, Salva me, Agnus Dei, Requiem Mass. complete list of works: works catalogue and bio
- Marty Haugen, b. 1950 ("Gather Us In", "Canticle of the Sun", "We Are Many Parts", many psalm settings)
- Michael Joncas, b. 1951 ("On Eagle's Wings", "We Come to Your Feast")
- John Michael Talbot, b. 1954 (Songs for Worship, Vols. 1 and 2)
- David Haas, b. 1957 ("Blest Are They", "You Are Mine")
- Stephen DeCesare, b. 1969 ("Chaplet of Divine Mercy", "Remember Me", "Come To My Mercy")
- Carey Landry, b. 1945 ("Abba, Father", "Hail Mary, Gentle Woman")
- The Dameans â€" Gary Ault, Mike Balhoff, Buddy Ceaser, Gary Daigle, Darryl Ducote ("Look Beyond", "All That We Have", Remember Your Love")
- Bob Moore, b. 1962 ("All Who Hunger", "Sweet Refreshment")
- Dan Schutte, b. 1947 ("Here I Am, Lord", "Sing a New Song", "You Are Near")
- Bob Dufford, SJ, b. 1943 ("Be Not Afraid", "All the Ends of the Earth")
- John Foley, SJ, b. 1939 ("One Bread, One Body")
- Roc O'Connor, SJ, ("Lift Up Your Hearts")
- Tim Manion, ("I Lift Up My Soul")
- Sr. Janet Mead, b. 1938 ("Lord's Prayer")
Notable composers of contemporary Catholic liturgical music from outside the US include:
- Irish Ian Callanan, b. 1971 ("Comfort My People", "Take and Eat, This Is My Body", "Love Is the Boat for the Journey")
- Frenchman Lucien Deiss, CSsP, 1921-2007 ("Keep in Mind")
- Frenchman Joseph Gelineau, SJ, 1920-2008 ("The Lord Is My Shepherd")
- Australian Richard Connolly, b.1927 ("Where there is charity and love")
- English Damian Lundy ("Sing of a Girl", "Walk in the Light")
- English Bernadette Farrell, b. 1957 ("Unless a Grain of Wheat", "Christ Be Our Light")
- English Christopher Walker, b. 1947 ("Laudate Dominum", co-author of "Celtic Alleluia")
- English Paul Inwood, b. 1947 ("Center of my Life")
- Filipino Eduardo Hontiveros, SJ, 1923â€"2008
- Filipino Manoling Francisco, SJ ("Bukas Palad," "Tanging Yaman," "I Will Sing Forever," "Amare et Servire", "Iesu Panis Vitae", "Laudate Dominum (Papal Mass)", "Santo (Papal Mass)", "Gloria (Papal Mass 2015)")
- Filipino Johnny Go, SJ ("Pilgrim's Theme")
- Filipino Charlie Cenzon, SJ ("Awit ng Paghahangad")
- Filipino Arnel Aquino, SJ
- Filipino Fruito Ramirez, SJ ("Take and Receive")
- Filipino Gigi de Jesus, b.1972 ("Ama Namin", "Alleluia")
- Filipino Ryan Cayabyab, b.1954 ("Kordero Ng Diyos", "Santo", "Panginoon Maawa Ka")
- Filipino Teofilo Vinteres, CSsR, 1932-2001 ("Ama Namin", "Sambahin Ka't Purihin", "Sumasaakin ang Espiritu ng Panginoon","Mary Immaculate Star of the Morning", "Birheng Maria Tala sa Umaga", "O Saving Victim", "Handog ng Tagapagligtas", "Hail Mary", "Aba Ginoong Maria")
- Spanish Cesáreo Gabaráin, 1936-1991 ("Fisher of Men," "Lord, You Have Come to the Lakeshore": Roman Catholic composer, Gold Record in Spain)
Publishers of this music
A significant percentage of American contemporary liturgical music has been published under the names of three publishers: Oregon Catholic Press (OCP), Gregorian Institute of America (GIA), and World Library Publications (WLP, the music and liturgy division of the J.S. Paluch company).
Oregon Catholic Press (OCP) is a not-for-profit affiliation of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon. Archbishop Alexander K. Sample of Portland is de facto head of OCP. Archbishop Sample is the eleventh bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland and was installed on April 2, 2013. Cardinal William Levada who became Prefect for the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in the Roman Curia was a former member of the Board of Directors. Levada as Archbishop of Portland (1986â€"1995) led OCP during its expansive growth, and this style of music became the principal style among many English-speaking communities. Francis George, prior to becoming Archbishop of Chicago and cardinal, was also Archbishop of Portland and de facto head of OCP. OCP grew to represent approximately two-thirds of Catholic liturgical music market sales.
Differing views surrounding this music
Contemporary music aims to enable the entire congregation to take part in song, in accord with the call in Sacrosanctum Concilium for full, conscious, active participation of the congregation during the Eucharistic celebration. What its advocates call a direct and accessible style of music gives participation of the gathered community higher priority than the beauty added to the liturgy by a choir skilled in polyphony.
Music for worship, according to the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, is to be judged by three sets of criteria â€" pastoral, liturgical, and musical, with the place of honor accorded to Gregorian chant and the organ. On this basis it has been argued that the adoption of the more popular musical styles is alien to the Roman Rite, and weakens the distinctiveness of Catholic worship. And certain songs in this genre put the singer in the position of God, singing His part in the first person. Suzanne Toolan's "I Am the Bread of Life", was composed in this manner. And due to "inclusive language" becoming an issue by the 1980s, this was one of many songs that was edited in newer hymnals. Dan Schutte's "Here I Am, Lord" (based on a Scripture text) was composed with the intent that the cantor would sing God's part, but over time people in the pews began to sing both parts. This style contrasts with the traditional form where the congregation sings to God.
In 1990, Thomas Day wrote Why Catholics Can't Singâ€"The Culture of Catholicism and the Triumph of Bad Taste, assailing the then-current style of music in the American Church, but today its use has become lingua franca as multicultural and new youth styles of worship have emerged.
Pundit George Weigel said that "[a]n extraordinary number of trashy liturgical hymns have been written in the years since the Second Vatican Council." Weigel called "Ashes" a "prime example" of "[h]ymns that teach heresy", criticizing the lyric "We rise again from ashes to create ourselves anew" as "Pelagian drivel".
See also
- Women composers of Catholic music
Sources
Hymnals and song collections
- Gather: Comprehensive. Batastini, Robert J., and Michael A. Cymbala, eds. Chicago: GIA Publications (1994). ISBN 0-941050-62-9.
- Breaking Bread. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Catholic Press.
- Journeysongs. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Catholic Press.
- Spirit and Song. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Catholic Press.
- Flor y Canto. Portland, Oregon: Oregon Catholic Press.
- Unidos en Cristo/United in Christ. Portland OR: Oregon Catholic Press.
- Michael A. Cymbala, ed "Crossgeneration" http://giamusic.com/crossgeneration - Chicago: GIA Publications (2009).
- RitualSong by GIA Publications
- "One in Faith" 2014, World Library Publications.
- "Voices as One, Vol. 1 & 2". World Library Publications.
- "We Celebrate". World Library Publications.
- "Word and Song". World Library Publications.
- Yours Are The Words http://www.wlp.jspaluch.com/9805.htm. 2008, World Library Purlications. ISBN 978-1-58459-423-9.
- 20th Century Folk Hymnal. Essex, England, by Mayhew-McCrimmon Publications
- Songs of the Spirit. Suffolk, England. Kevin Mayhew Ltd ISBN 0 905725 58 1
Opinion pieces
- Martin, Maureen. "Celebrated Lyricist Pens Hymn During Drive-Through Wait." (Satire) Crisis Magazine, January 10, 2006.[1]
- McDermott, Jim. "Sing a New Song: Part 2, The St. Louis Jesuits: Earthen Vessels." America, May 30, 2005. Online at [2].
- Olbash, Michael. "A Church Musician's Lament." Catholic World Report, April 2003. Online at [3].
- "Liturgy and Common Ground," by Archbishop Rembert Weakland, in America magazine, 20 Feb. 1999
- Weigel, George. "Heretical Hymns?" The Catholic Difference, 2006.
- The Snowbird Statement on Catholic Liturgical Music
Notes
^ Available on a blog by the author